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MENACE: the pile of matchboxes which can learn

12 videos recommended on HN
YouTube
2 HN users recommended this explainer2 months2018–2026 score 2
Years with an HN recommendation, 2007–2026

HN cites it as a fun, tangible way to teach machine learning, including to kids.

Matt Parker of Stand-up Maths demonstrates MENACE, Donald Michie's 1961 machine made of matchboxes that learns to play noughts and crosses through reinforcement. He builds and trains a physical version.

“an amazing way to teach kids about this.” (HN, 2023)

3 recommendations · 2 citations · Explainers

5 Hacker News comments

From the HN archive; up to 20 kept per video, favoring different commenters. Recommendations first.

@jimktrains2 Jan 2023 Recommends
on HN thread A Matchbox Game-Learning Machine (1991) [pdf]
Stand up maths did an episode on a similar "machine" called MENACE (Machine Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine) that learns to play tick tac toe. [this video] The video description has additional links to resources: [link] [link]
Matchbox machine that learns to play tic-tac-toe.
@Tachyooon Jan 2023 Recommends
on HN thread A Matchbox Game-Learning Machine (1991) [pdf]
Seems like this is what Matt Parker built together with some other people a few years ago: [this video] . It's incredibly inefficient compared to running it on a computer, but an amazing way to teach kids about this.
Physical matchbox learning machine that teaches kids about AI.
@Tachyooon Jan 2026 Recommends
on HN thread Learning to Play Tic-Tac-Toe with Jax
The first time I heard of it was in this Matt Parker video where he helped do this with a school-sized group of kids [0]. An "AI player" made of matchboxes, run by schoolkids, is a fantastically fun idea. [0] [this video]
Kids run a matchbox AI player for tic-tac-toe.

Citations, criticism and jokes

@notEvenOnce Jun 2018 Cites it
on HN thread On Intelligence in Cells: The Case for Whole Cell Biology (2009) [pdf]
The concept fits. Consider MENACE (Machine Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine). [this video] If cells operate in a similar fashion, where adaptation to externalities encodes itself into a durable surface of arbitrary pockets, then we have a recipe for inert systems exhibiting variable degrees of behavior, which is capable of evolving over time. This doesn't solve for sentience, but it does solve for expressive adaptation to fit into complex, hostile environments.
MENACE as an analogy for adaptive cells.

Video list and Hacker News comment labels from HackerTube (prompted by @karpathy), released under ODC-By 1.0, built on the open-index/hacker-news archive. Hacker News data is provided by Y Combinator; comments remain the work of their authors. Video titles, channel names and thumbnails belong to their creators and are shown via YouTube. HackerTube Watch is an unofficial edition. Data export of 2026-10-31.

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