NeXT vs Sun

So very much this. I think programming languages are also long overdue for some controlled trials. They can't be blinded: any experimental subject bright enough to learn to program is probably going to know what language they are programming in. But trials comparing the effectiveness of different languages. How long they take to attain a specified level of proficiency, how long to learn enough to produce working code, and importantly, readability: for instance, how long it takes to find intentionally-planted bugs in existing, unfamiliar code. NeXT did this, way back in the 1980s, and Sun lost badly: [this video] There is a writeup of some of it here: [link] But speaking as a non-video-liker, this 17min one is worth it.

BeOS was great, but compare Steve Jobs' NeXT presentation (1992) to the BeOS video: [link] NeXTSTEP is the predecessor of OS X, the rest is history. BeOS filesystem "BeFS" had extended attributes (metadata) with indexing and querying features similar to a relational database and Bill Gates' vision of "information at your fingertips". Though Microsoft failed to complete Cairo-OS as well as WinFS. The BeFS main developer wrote a book about it, as it is out of print now he released it as PDF for free: [link] , [link] Check out HaikuOS, an open source BeOS reimplementation: [link] . And there were two BeOS inspired OS: ZETA-OS and SkyOS with some shady history: [link] , [link] Some of the BeOS vs. NeXTSTEP history is documented in Apple Copland OS article: [link] Another interesting video is: [this video] ( In 1991 Steve Jobs' company commissioned an head-to-head programming competition to show how much faster and easier it was to program a NeXT computer vs a Sun workstation. The NeXT operating system went on to be the foundation for Apple's Macintosh OS-X about a decade later. )

If you enjoy reading documents, BITSAVERS.ORG is a treasure mine full of lost knowledge. [link] Here you will find Xerox PARC, DEC, Burroughs, Apple, Sun, Borland,... old research documents, papers, manuals. In the context of static compilation, for example in MS-DOS, take Turbo Pascal 6.0 programmer's guide. [link] For some 8 bit love you can check ZX Spectrum and Atari archives. [link] [link] Next step is to get an emulator for any of those old OS/computers and try to follow along one of those books. Also there are some videos on YouTube showing those systems. "The Smalltalk-80 Programming System" [link] "NeXT vs Sun" [this video] "Steve Jobs internal demo of NeXTSTEP 3" [link] "Amiga Programming" [link] "Amiga Hardware Programming" [link] The Mother of All Demos" [link] Just a very tiny sample of videos

By writing system level macOS software , although I think you mean old style POSIX UNIX stuff. Here is a thing, already with NeXTSTEP, UNIX support wasn't never something worthwhile looking for, NeXTSTEP was used for its Objective-C tooling and frameworks, like Renderman and Improv. The UNIX stuff was just a solution for having a quick ramp up for their OS development, and just like Microsoft with Windows 3.1 NT, to have a tick in the box when selling to the government, Their famous commercial against Sun, hardly touches on UNIX like development. [this video] You aren't going to see a CLI on that NeXTSTEP screen. Just like the SDK is all about Objective-C related stuff, even the device drivers were written in Objective-C. [link] The only fouls here are those that keep giving their money to corporations instead of supporting Linux OEMs, as Microsoft cleverly discovered. In fact, had either A/UX not been discontinued or Microsoft seriously supported their POSIX personality, Linux would never taken off, as the same crowd would be happily using these systems.

It is a bit hard to explain in an HN comment something that requires live experience, You can start by having a look at, [link] "Eric Bier Demonstrates Cedar" [link] "Alto System Project: Dan Ingalls demonstrates Smalltalk" [link] "SYMBOLICS CONCORDIA ONLINE DOCUMENTATION HYPER TEXT MARKUP 1985" [link] You can see how NeXT builds on many of these concepts on the famous "NeXT vs Sun" marketing piece, [this video] Sun also had some ideas along these lines with NeWS, "NeWS: A Networked and Extensible Window System," [link] Naturally OS/2, BeOS, Windows, macOS, iOS, and even Android share some of the ideas. Now, before I proceed note that actually modern Linux distributions have all the tooling to make these concepts happen, but it fails short to have everyone agree on a proper stack. So basically, the main idea is to have a proper full stack in place for developing a Workstation computer as one single experience, from bottom all the way to the top. On Xerox's case, they used bytecode with in-CPU execution via programmable microcode loaded on boot, and later on just a thin native glue on top of host OS. The environments had frameworks / modules for the whole OS stack, supported distributed computing, embedded of data structures across applications (OLE can trace its roots back to these ideas), REPLs that not only could interact with the whole OS (commands, modules, running applications), it was also possible to break into the debugger, change the code and redo the failed instructions.

What mattered on A/UX for application developers on Apple platforms was the System APIs layer ported to run on top of X Windows integration. Likewise, anyone doing NeXT development was focused on Objective-C frameworks all the way down to driver kit. As Application developer on a NeXT, the tune was all about WebObjects, Renderman, EOF. Applications like Lotus Improv, Wingz, and those being put out by Omni Group were the meat of the kind of applications that people considered to use NeXTSTEP, not BSD command line utilities. Pretty much patent on commercials like NeXT vs Sun. [this video] Or Steve Jobs opinion on UNIX users, [link] and later when back at Apple [link] AIX is definitly UNIX, because it isnt' like A/UX, NeXTSTEP, OS X or iOS, where the UNIX layer is there more to bring stuff into the platform, while the main developer stack is something else.

Still, the Web might have never existed without Objective-C, which is moreso my point. From [0]: > A second phase would almost certainly involve some programming in order to set up a real system at CERN on many machines. An important part of this, discussed below, is the integration of a hypertext system with existing data, so as to provide a universal system, and to achieve critical usefulness at an early stage. > (... and yes, this would provide an excellent project with which to try our new object oriented programming techniques!) TBL March 1989, May 1990 Objective-C had a wonderfully pragmatic approach to OOP, though it remained tied to the systems it was on because of the standard object libraries that enabled it. NeXT promotional materials really liked to showcase its suitedness to rapid application development, whether Jobs himself doing so [1] or in a staged competition with Sun [2] [0] [link] [1] [link] [2] [this video]

Many of those features were already available in MS-DOS and Windows 3.x IDEs from Borland for Turbo Pascal and C++. Which is why when I got into UNIX development felt like going into the stone age of development tools, thankfully XEmacs was already there. Which by the way, it was born for Energize C++, in 1993! [link] Also here is what NeXTSTEP development environment looked like, used for Quake tooling development, in a 1991 marketing video. [this video] Which is why, I usually assert I cannot understand the nostalgia of CLI and TUI, being there at the time, and not being able to use some of these systems, due to the amount of money they required.

@12:19: [this video] > At this point, we threw the programmers an unexpected but not unrealistic curve. > Like a typical user, we asked them to add a feature not in the original spec. In this case, a button would recall all the trouble logs for a particular customer. > Using NeXT Step, the NeXT programmer completed the task in about 20 minutes. > [NeXT progammer discussing some details] > The sun programmer also estimated a time of 20 minutes, but it took about 45 before he was ready to test his version. This was about 20 hours in, which means that since they started on Wed, 30 October 1991 and assuming maximum 8-hour days, they have missed Halloween and would be at least halfway into Friday. The video states that the programmers finished on Sat, 2 November. The video goes on to state that the NeXT system enabled the NeXT programmer to add a number of features such as system fonts and button icons "for free", which goes to show that the video's intended audience are managers and executives of software development teams who would of course want faster development, ad hoc requests, and cost-free features. I personally would have been tempted to (╯°□°)╯︵ ┻━┻ once they announced a planned "unexpected" feature request because rather than train users and customers to frontload requirements in order to benefit from the design decisions that would be made as a result, the video encourages customers to believe their out-of-spec requests will be more quickly accommodated if only their progr