Admiral Grace Hopper Explains the Nanosecond

I would add that software infrastructure can run incredibly fast and scale incredibly well on modern hardware if you're a bit careful about resource usage. Traditional relational DBs like Postgresql are very scalable on modern hardware. If you take the time to craft a normalized schema with low redundancy being careful about keeping data small, you can achieve performance and resource efficiency and cache efficiency hundreds of time better than bloated distributed document nosql based systems. You can also get better transactional integrity, reduce reliance on queues (use load balancers instead) and get more instant and more atomic error propagation and edge case resolution. You can really build something lean and mean to a point that would be physically impossible in distributed systems or systems that involve multiple hops over potentially congested networks (as Admiral Grace Hopper likes to remind us, distance matters in computing [this video] ). As far as I know, normalized relational databases are still the best at efficiently using multiple levels of physically near caches to their full potential. Most applications don't need to scale horizontally and can easily fit on single servers (that can scale to dozens of cores and terabytes of ram). I hear arguments that it's the engineers that are expensive so it's ok to be wasteful with hardware if it saves engineering time but in my experience the type of engineers that are good at optimizations are often good at engineering in ge

I'm glad this is becoming conventional wisdom. I used to argue this in these pages a few years ago and would get downvoted below the posts telling people to split everything into microservices separated by queues (although I suppose it's making me lose my competitive advantage when everyone else is building lean and mean infrastructure too). In my mind, reasons involve keeping transactional integrity, ACID compliance, better error propagation, avoiding the hundreds of impossible to solve roadblocks of distributed systems ( [link] ). But also it is about pushing the limits of what is physically possible in computing. As Admiral Grace Hopper would point out ( [this video] ) doing distance over network wires involves hard latency constraints, not to mention dealing with congestions over these wires. Physical efficiency is about keeping data close to where it's processed. Monoliths can make much better use of L1, L2, L3, and ram caches than distributed systems for speedups often in the order of 100X to 1000X. Sure it's easier to throw more hardware at the problem with distributed systems but the downsides are significant so be sure you really need it. Now there is a corollary to using monoliths. Since you only have one db, that db should be treated as somewhat sacred, you want to avoid wasting resources inside it. This means being a bit more careful about how you are storing things, using the smallest data structures, normalizing when you can etc. This is not to save disk, disk is che

So they state: > One could argue that we don’t really need PTP for that. NTP will do just fine. Well, we thought that too. But experiments we ran comparing our state-of-the-art NTP implementation and an early version of PTP showed a roughly 100x performance difference: While I'm not necessarily against more accuracy/precision, what problems specifically are experiencing? They do mention some use cases of course: > There are several additional use cases, including event tracing, cache invalidation, privacy violation detection improvements, latency compensation in the metaverse, and simultaneous execution in AI, many of which will greatly reduce hardware capacity requirements. This will keep us busy for years ahead. But given that NTP (either ntpd or chrony) tends to give me an estimated error of around (tens of) 1e-6 seconds, and PTP can get down to 1e-9 seconds, I'm not sure how many data centre applications need that level of accuracy. > We believe PTP will become the standard for keeping time in computer networks in the coming decades. Given the special hardware needed for the grand master clock to get down to nanosecond time scales, I'm doubtful this will be used in most data centres of most corporate networks. Adm. Grace Hopper elegantly illustrates 'how long' a nanosecond is: * [this video] How many things need to worry the latency of signal travelling ~300mm?